The Nuclear Debate

(May 2008)

Uranium mining and nuclear energy continue to be contentious issues involving both facts and ideology.
Public ignorance of general industrial standards of performance means that trivial incidents can acquire high profile in media.
In particular places part of the debate is site-specific rather than about uranium and nuclear energy as such.

The following does not do full justice to either pro or anti positions. In particular, some simple assertions require detailed rebuttal. However, facts are available which are relevant to the assertions and which are vital for responsible decision making.

The underlying question is how electricity is best produced now and in the years to come. Uranium mining is simply a means to that end. Greenhouse concerns will be an increasing constraint on fossil fuel use.

Common anti uranium/nuclear assertions	Main points of response	Sources of further information
Uranium mines inevitably pollute their environment, tailings dams cause pollution through leakage.	Uranium mines today aim for zero emission of pollutants. Any water release is of surface run-off and is close to drinking standard. Tailings retention does not normally cause pollution off site. Major uranium mines in Australia and Canada have ISO14001 certification.	WNA briefing paper: Environmental aspects of U mining, Australian Uranium Mines

Uranium tailings retain almost all their radioactivity, which continues for hundreds of thousands of years.	True, but the level of radioactivity is very low & with normal engineering, they pose no threat to anyone. All the radioactivity is from the original orebody (no more is created). Uranium mine rehabilitation ensures that these are safe, stable and will cause no harm.	WNA briefing paper: Radiation & nuclear Energy

Uranium is potentially hazardous to miners' health.	Uranium mining is highly regulated in mst countries and standards ensure that no adverse health effects are likely.	WNA briefing paper: Occupational safety in uranium mines

There is no safe level of radiation exposure.	While this is accepted as a conservative basis for radiation protection, it is not a scientific statement of fact. Low levels of radiation comparable to those received naturally in some places (up to 50 mSv/yr) are not harmful.	WNA education paper: Radiation and Life

Nuclear wastes (as, or in, spent fuel) are an unresolved problem.	In all countries using nuclear energy there are well established procedures for storing, managing and transporting such wastes, funded from electricity users. Wastes are contained and managed, not released. Storage is safe and secure, plans are well in hand for eventual disposal.	WNA briefing papers: Waste management & nuclear fuel cycle, Radioactive waste management

The nuclear industry is responsible for horrific wastes which will endure as a nightmare for our grandchildren.	Nuclear power is the only energy-producing industry which takes full responsibility for managing all its wastes, and bears the cost of this.	as above

Nuclear reactors are unsafe, Chernobyl was typical, and resulted in a huge death toll.	The nuclear industry has an excellent safety record, with some 12,000 reactor years of operation spanning five decades. Even a major accident and meltdown in a typical reactor would not endanger its neighbours. Some Soviet designed and built reactors have been a safety concern for many years, but are much better now than in 1986. The Chernobyl disaster was basically irrelevant to any western reactor, or any that might be built today. According to authoritative UN figures, the Chernobyl death toll is 56 (31 workers at the time, more since and 9 from thyroid cancer).	WNA briefing papers: Safety of nuclear power reactors, Advanced reactors, Chernobyl accident, TMI accident.

Nuclear reactors are vulnerable to terrorist attacks like that on the World Trade Centre in 2001, waste and spent fuel storage is even more so.	Any reactor licensable in the west has a substantial containment structure and most also have a very robust pressure vessel and internal structures. Evaluations since 2001 suggest that power reactors would be well equipped to survive an impact of that kind without any significant radiological hazard locally. Civil waste and spent fuel storage is also robust and often below ground level.	WNA briefing paper: Safety of nuclear power reactors - Appendix 3.

Insurance companies will not insure nuclear reactors so the risk devolves on to government.	All nuclear reactors, at least in the west, are insured. Not only so, they are a sought-after risk because of their high engineering and operational standards. Beyond the cover for individual plants there are national and international pooling arrangements for comprehensive cover.	Briefing paper: Civil liability for nuclear damage

Nuclear energy is too expensive, energy efficiency is all that's needed, with more use of renewables.	Nuclear electricity is mostly competitive with coal, in some places it is cheaper, in some more expensive. If external costs are accounted, nuclear is very competitive. Energy efficiency is vital but cannot displace most generating capacity. Wind power typically costs much more than nuclear - often twice as much per kWh.	WNA briefing paper: Economics of nuclear power

Nuclear power enjoys massive government subsidies.	Nowhere in the world is nuclear power subsidised - on the contrary in Sweden it has a special tax. In the USA limited subsidies are offered for initial 3rd generation plants, the level (1.8c/kWh) equivalent to the unlimited subsidies available for wind generation.	WNA briefing paper: Energy subsidies & external costs

In the whole fuel cycle, nuclear power uses nearly as much energy as it produces.	This popular folklore is easily rebutted by published data. In fact, considering all inputs including waste management, less than 6% of the output is required, usually only 2-3%.	WNA briefing paper: Energy balances & CO 2 implications

Decommissioning nuclear plants will be too expensive to undertake	Decommissioning is usually funded while the plant is operating. Experience to date gives a good idea of costs and earlier estimates are being revised downwards.	WNA briefing paper: Decommissioning nuclear facilities

Renewable energy sources should be used instead.	Renewables may be used as much as possible, but intrinsic limitations (diffuse, intermittent sources) mean that wind and sun can never economically replace sources such as coal, gas and nuclear for large-scale, continuous, reliable supply.	WNA briefing papers: Sustainable energy, Renewable energy & electricity

Transport of uranium and other radioactive material is hazardous.	Any such material is transported in containers designed to ensure safety in any circumstance. Petrol tankers on a public road are more of a hazard than any radioactive material in transit anywhere.	WNA briefing paper: Transport of radioactive materials

Reprocessing spent fuel gives rise to plutonium which is likely to be used in bombs.	The plutonium obtained from reprocessing is not suitable for bombs but is a valuable fuel which can be used with depleted uranium as mixed oxide fuel (MOX).	WNA briefing papers: Plutonium, Mixed oxide fuel

Mining Australian/Canadian uranium contributes to nuclear weapons proliferation.	All traded uranium is sold for electricity production only, and two layers of international safeguards arrangements confirm this. Western suppliers have no customers failing to conform to stringent accounting and auditing requirements.	WNA briefing paper: Safeguards to prevent nuclear proliferation

We cannot be sure that our uranium does not end up in weapons, eg in France or China.	Safeguards would detect any diversion. Today military materials are being released for dilution and civil use, so there is not even a reason for diversion in customer countries such as France and USA. France no longer has the means to enrich uranium beyond reactor grade. China has ample uranium for any military program but is understood to have ceased putting uranium into this in the 1990s.	WNA briefing paper: Military warheads as a source of nuclear fuel

Former US Vice-President Al Gore said (18/9/06) that "During my eight years in the White House, every nuclear weapons proliferation issue we dealt with was connected to a nuclear reactor program. Today, the dangerous weapons programs in both Iran and North Korea are linked to their civilian reactor programs."	He is not correct. Iran has failed to convince anyone that its formerly clandestine enrichment program has anything to do with its nuclear power reactor under construction (which will be fuelled by Russia), and North Korea has no civil reactor program. In respect to India and Pakistan, which he may have had in mind, there is certainly a link between military and civil, but that is part of the reason they are outside the NPT.	WNA briefing paper: Safeguards to prevent nuclear proliferation

Nuclear energy makes only a trivial contribution to world energy needs.	Electricity generation uses 40% of the world's primary energy. Nuclear provides 16% of world electricity, more than the total electricity produced worldwide in 1960.	WNA briefing papers: Nuclear power in the world today, World energy needs & nuclear power, Uranium markets

The number of nuclear reactors is steadily falling as they drop from favour.	Since 1996 the number of operating reactors has remained steady, but the output from nuclear has increased significantly. Those being retired are mostly small, new ones are mostly large. More reactors are being built, and over 200 more are planned or firmly proposed.	see above

Nuclear energy makes only a trivial contribution to reducing carbon dioxide emissions.	Currently nuclear energy saves the emission of 2.5 billion tonnes of CO₂ relative to coal. For every 22 tonnes of uranium used, one million tonnes of CO₂ emissions is averted. Energy inputs to nuclear fuel cycle produce only a few (eg 1-3) percent of the CO₂ emissions saved. Doubling the world's nuclear output would reduce CO2 emissions from power generation by about one quarter.	WNA briefing papers: Global warming, Sustainable energy, Energy subsidies & external costs, Energy Balances & CO₂ implications

Uranium enrichment plants are major emitters of chemicals which damage the ozone layer, specifically CFC-114 (Freon) used as coolant.	Two 1950s-era plants in USA were major emitters (360 t/yr), one is now closed, the other with much reduced emissions, well under 1% of total US CFC emissions. It will close about 2010. Other uranium enrichment and other plants do not use these chemicals.

Nuclear power plants use much more water than alternatives.	Any power plant (gas, coal or nuclear) using the conventional steam cycle needs to dump around two thirds of the heat used in making electricity, the amount depending on the size and thermal efficiency of the plant. There is no fundamental difference between fossil fuel and nuclear in this regard. The heat is dumped either to a large volume of water (from the sea or large river, heating it a few degrees) or to a relatively smaller volume of water in cooling towers, using evaporative cooling (latent heat of vapourisation). In the latter case some 2 to 2.5 litres/kWh is evaporated, depending on conditions.	WNA briefing paper: Nuclear power reactors

Folklore and fantasies

Some 'green' assertions get quoted frequently, despite having been answered many times and despite the increasing volume of data which shows them up as nonsense.

Nuclear power is far from emission-free on a lifecycle basis, and the energy inputs from fossil fuels negate any advantage from reduced direct emissions of CO2.
The latter part arises from some ill-defined numbers in papers by Storm Smith & van Leeuwin on an anti nuke web site. The figures are not supported by evidence, and a typical energy input for nuclear power amounts to about 2-3% of output, and even if this were all fossil fuel sourced, the impact is trivial.
see also Energy Analysis Paper
Energy conservation is seven times more cost-effective than nuclear power.
This arises from a paper by Keepin & Kats in the late 1980s, which in a particular defined situation purported to show this. The logic in making it a generalisation is obviously flawed. Energy conservation is subject to the same law of diminishing returns as anything comparable.
There is not enough uranium to sustain nuclear power beyond a few decades.
This is a re-run of the Limits to Growth fallacy of the 1970s. It results from confusing known economic resource figures with what is actually in the Earth's crust - which only becomes known following investment in mineral exploration. Little exploration for uranium was undertaken from the early 1980s to about 2003.
see also Supply of Uranium Paper

The industry can accept that some people will have different views on the virtues of nuclear power and the uranium which fuels it, and respects those views. However, when they appear to be based, and are argued, on the basis of falsehood and misrepresentation, that acceptance and respect becomes tenuous and may be forfeited.