Attribute

Process & system

Relevant countries

Features

Fuel composition & process

Pyro-process

Japan, Russia, USA

Nuclear waste volume is smaller and process facility is simpler than those of wet process (expected economic and environmental advantages).

Vibro-packed fuel

Russia, Switzerland

Fuel particle is directly produced from acid solution from reprocessing (economic merit is expected compared to powder technology).

DUPIC system

Canada, Rep. of Korea

Plutonium is not separated from PWR spent fuel (proliferation resistance is expected).

Thorium fuel (Th–U, Th–Pu)

India, USA

Th resource is abundant. Fuel with Th–²³³U composition generates less MA than U–Pu fuel.

Inert-matrix fuel

France, Japan, Switzerland

Due to chemically stable oxide, spent fuel is regarded as waste form (environmental mitigation).

Partitioning and Transmutation (P–T) system

Accelerator Driven System

France, Japan, USA

High neutron energy produced in accelerator destroys MA, LLFP. Sub-critical core enhances safety.

P–T system with fast reactor (FR)

Japan, Russia

Existing FR technology is applied for destruction of MA, LLFP.

Fast reactor and fuel cycle system

Pb (+Bi) FR

Russia

Enhanced resource utilisation, proliferation resistance, safety and waste features.